OpenMP Exercise

Exercise 1

1. Login to the workshop machine

   Workshops differ in how this is done. The instructor will go over this beforehand.

2. Copy the example files

   1. In your home directory, create a subdirectory for the example codes and then cd to it.

      mkdir openMP
      cd  openMP 

   2. Then, copy either the Fortran or the C version of the parallel OpenMP exercise files to your openMP subdirectory:

      C:	cp /usr/global/docs/training/blaise/openMP/C/* ~/openMP
      Fortran:	cp /usr/global/docs/training/blaise/openMP/Fortran/* ~/openMP

3. List the contents of your openMP subdirectory

   You should notice the following files. Note: Most of these are simple example files. Their primary purpose is to demonstrate the basics of how to parallelize a code with OpenMP. Most execute in a second or two.

   C Files	Fortran Files	Description
   omp_hello.c	omp_hello.f	Hello world
   omp_workshare1.c	omp_workshare1.f	Loop work-sharing
   omp_workshare2.c	omp_workshare2.f	Sections work-sharing
   omp_reduction.c	omp_reduction.f	Combined parallel loop reduction
   omp_orphan.c	omp_orphan.f	Orphaned parallel loop reduction
   omp_mm.c	omp_mm.f	Matrix multiply
   omp_getEnvInfo.c	omp_getEnvInfo.f	Get and print environment information
   omp_dotprod_serial.c omp_dotprod_openmp.c omp_dotprod_mpi.c omp_dotprod_hybrid.c	omp_dotprod_serial.f omp_dotprod_openmp.f omp_dotprod_mpi.f omp_dotprod_hybrid.f	Demonstrates progression from a serial program, to openMP, to MPI and to a hybrid MPI+OpenMP program. Uses a dot product calculation for the example.
   omp_bug1.c omp_bug1fix.c omp_bug2.c omp_bug3.c omp_bug4.c omp_bug4fix omp_bug5.c omp_bug5fix.c omp_bug6.c	omp_bug1.f omp_bug1fix.f omp_bug2.f omp_bug3.f omp_bug4.f omp_bug4fix omp_bug5.f omp_bug5fix.f omp_bug6.f	Programs with bugs

4. Compilers - What's Available?

   1. Use the commands below to display available compilers on the cluster you're logged into. You should see GNU, Intel, PGI and Clang compilers - several versions of each. Try any/all of these commands to narrow your search to a specific compiler:

      Quartz	Cab
      module avail gcc module avail intel module avail pgi module avail clang	use -l gcc use -l icc use -l pgi use -l clang

   2. You can also see the Compiling OpenMP Programs section of the tutorial.

5. Create, compile and run an OpenMP "Hello world" program

   1. Using your favorite text editor (vi/vim, emacs, nedit, gedit, nano...) open a new file - call it whatever you'd like.

   2. Create a simple OpenMP program that does the following:
      • Creates a parallel region
      • Has each thread in the parallel region obtain its thread id
      • Has each thread print "Hello World" along with its unique thread id
      • Has the master thread only, obtain and then print the total number of threads

      If you need help, see the provided or file.

   3. Using your choice of compiler (see above section 4), compile your hello world OpenMP program.
      Note: for the PGI and Clang compilers:
      • On Quartz you'll need to module load packagename the desired PGI or Clang compiler first.
      • On Cab you'll need to use packagename for the clang compiler first.

      Example compiles:

      C:	icc -qopenmp omp_hello.c -o hello gcc -fopenmp omp_hello.c -o hello pgcc -mp omp_hello.c -o hello clang -fopenmp omp_hello.c -o hello
      Fortran:	ifort -qopenmp omp_hello.f -o hello gfortran -fopenmp omp_hello.f -o hello pgf90 -mp omp_hello.f -o hello

      This may take several attempts if there are any code errors. When you get a clean compile, proceed.

   4. Run your hello executable and notice its output.
      • Is it what you expected? As a comparison, you can compile and run the provided omp_hello.c or omp_hello.f example program.
      • How many threads were created?
        By default, most compilers will create 1 thread for each core. If hyper-threading is turned on, then there will N*cores threads, where N is the number of hardware threads per core. For some reason, the PGI compiler will create only 1 thread by default.

   5. Notes:
      • For the remainder of this exercise, you can use the compiler command of your choice unless indicated otherwise.
      • Compilers will differ in which warnings they issue, but all can be ignored for this exercise. Errors are different, of course.

6. Vary the number of threads and re-run Hello World
   1. Explicitly set the number of threads to use by means of the OMP_NUM_THREADS environment variable:

      setenv OMP_NUM_THREADS 8

   2. Your output should look something like below.

      Hello World from thread = 0 Hello World from thread = 3 Hello World from thread = 2 Number of threads = 8 Hello World from thread = 6 Hello World from thread = 1 Hello World from thread = 4 Hello World from thread = 7 Hello World from thread = 5

   3. Run your program several times and observe the order of print statements. Notice that the order of output is more or less random.

This completes Exercise 1

Exercise 2

1. Still logged into the workshop cluster?

   1. If so, then continue to the next step. If not, then login as you did previously for Exercise 1.

2. Review / Compile / Run the workshare1 example code

   This example demonstrates use of the OpenMP loop work-sharing construct. Notice that it specifies dynamic scheduling of threads and assigns a specific number of iterations to be done by each thread.

   1. First, set the number of threads to 4:

      setenv OMP_NUM_THREADS 4

   2. After reviewing the source code, use your preferred compiler to compile and run the executable. For example:

      C:	icc -qopenmp omp_workshare1.c -o workshare1 workshare1 | sort
      Fortran:	ifort -qopenmp omp_workshare1.f -o workshare1 workshare1 | sort

   3. Review the output. Note that it is piped through the sort utility. This will make it easier to view how loop iterations were actually scheduled across the team of threads.

   4. Run the program a couple more times and review the output. What do you see? Typically, dynamic scheduling is not deterministic. Everytime you run the program, different threads can run different chunks of work. It is even possible that a thread might not do any work because another thread is quicker and takes more work. In fact, it might be possible for one thread to do all of the work.

   5. Edit the workshare1 source file and change the dynamic scheduling to static scheduling.

   6. Recompile and run the modified program. Notice the difference in output compared to dynamic scheduling. Specifically, notice that thread 0 gets the first chunk, thread 1 the second chunk, and so on.

   7. Run the program a couple more times. Does the output change? With static scheduling, the allocation of work is deterministic and should not change between runs, and every thread gets work to do.

   8. Reflect on possible performance differences between dynamic and static scheduling.

3. Review / Compile / Run the matrix multiply example code

   This example performs a matrix multiple by distributing the iterations of the operation between available threads.

   1. After reviewing the source code, compile and run the program. For example:

      C:	icc -qopenmp omp_mm.c -o matmult matmult
      Fortran:	ifort -qopenmp omp_mm.f -o matmult matmult

   2. Review the output. It shows which thread did each iteration and the final result matrix.

   3. Run the program again, however this time sort the output to clearly see which threads execute which iterations:

      matmult | sort | grep Thread

      Do the loop iterations match the SCHEDULE(STATIC,CHUNK) directive for the matrix multiple loop in the code?

4. Review / Compile / Run the workshare2 example code

   This example demonstrates use of the OpenMP SECTIONS work-sharing construct Note how the PARALLEL region is divided into separate sections, each of which will be executed by one thread.

   1. As before, compile and execute the program after reviewing it. For example:

      C:	icc -qopenmp omp_workshare2.c -o workshare2 workshare2
      Fortran:	ifort -qopenmp omp_workshare2.f -o workshare2 workshare2

   2. Run the program several times and observe any differences in output. Because there are only two sections, you should notice that some threads do not do any work. You may/may not notice that the threads doing work can vary. For example, the first time thread 0 and thread 1 may do the work, and the next time it may be thread 0 and thread 3. It is even possible for one thread to do all of the work. Which thread does work is non-deterministic in this case.

This completes Exercise 2

Exercise 3

1. Still logged into the workshop cluster?

   1. If so, then continue to the next step. If not, then login as you did previously for Exercise 1.

2. Review / Compile / Run the orphan example code

   This example computes a dot product in parallel, however it differs from previous examples because the parallel loop construct is orphaned - it is contained in a subroutine outside the lexical extent of the main program's parallel region.

   1. After reviewing the source code, compile and run the program. For example:

      C:	icc -qopenmp omp_orphan.c -o orphan orphan | sort
      Fortran:	ifort -qopenmp omp_orphan.f -o orphan orphan | sort

   2. Note the result...and the fact that this example will come back to haunt as omp_bug6 later.

3. Get environment information
   1. Starting from scratch, write a simple program that obtains information about your openMP environment. Alternately, you can modify the "hello" program to do this.

   2. Using the appropriate openMP routines/functions, have the master thread query and print the following:
      • The number of processors available
      • The number of threads being used
      • The maximum number of threads available
      • If you are in a parallel region
      • If dynamic threads are enabled
      • If nested parallelism is enabled

   3. If you need help, you can consult the or example file.

4. Hybrid programs: OpenMP with MPI

   OpenMP by itself is constrained to a single node. In the world of HPC, the motivation for using OpenMP is possible performance gains when combined with MPI. This example demonstrates how to begin with a serial code, and develop it into a hybrid OpenMP + MPI program. MPI is covered in the MPI tutorial.

   1. There are four files used for this example:

      omp_dotprod_serial.*
      omp_dotprod_openmp.*
      omp_dotprod_mpi.*
      omp_dotprod_hybrid.*

   2. Starting with the serial code, familiarize yourself with how a simple dot product calculation is being performed.

   3. If time permits, and you'd like a challenge, develop your own OpenMP version of a dot product from the serial version. Otherwise, review the provided OpenMP version and note what's been done.

   4. Compare the serial version to the MPI version and note what's been done.

   5. Compare the OpenMP and MPI versions to the hybrid version and note what's been done.

   6. When you understand the progression, compile the programs using your preferred compiler. For example:

      C:	icc omp_dotprod_serial.c -o dotserial icc -qopenmp omp_dotprod_openmp.c -o dotopenmp mpicc omp_dotprod_mpi.c -o dotmpi mpicc -qopenmp omp_dotprod_hybrid.c -o dothybrid
      Fortran:	ifort omp_dotprod_serial.f -o dotserial ifort -qopenmp omp_dotprod_openmp.f -o dotopenmp mpifort omp_dotprod_mpi.f -o dotmpi mpifort -qopenmp omp_dotprod_hybrid.f -o dothybrid

   7. Run the programs and observe their output:

      dotserial dotopenmp srun -n4 -ppReserved dotmpi srun -n4 -ppReserved dothybrid

5. When things go wrong...

   There are many things that can go wrong when developing OpenMP programs. The omp_bugX.X series of programs demonstrate just a few. See if you can figure out what the problem is with each case and then fix it.

   The buggy behavior will differ for each example. Some hints are provided below.

   Code	Behavior	Hints/Notes
   omp_bug1 omp_bug1fix	Fails compilation. Solution provided - must compile solution file.
   omp_bug2	Thread identifiers are wrong. Wrong answers.
   omp_bug3	Run-time error, hang.
   omp_bug4 omp_bug4fix	Causes a segmentation fault. Solution provided - note that it is a script and will need to be "sourced". For example: "source omp_bug4fix". Be sure to examine the solution file to see what's going on - especially the last line, where you may need to change the name of the executable to match yours.
   omp_bug5 omp_bug5fix	Program hangs. Solution provided - must compile solution file.
   omp_bug6	Failed compilation or wrong results - compiler dependent.

This completes the exercise.

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